IN open-hearth steel-making, chemical reactions take place between the metal bath and a supernatant slag layer, and any material balance on the process demands an accurate knowledge of the masses ...

President Donald Trump wants to help the steel industry in this country, and he’s announced plans for protective tariffs, claiming that “trade wars are good, and easy to win.” By way of explanation, ...

The injection of pure oxygen into a mixture of molten iron and scrap greatly speeds up the refining of steel. A process based on the use of oxygen is rapidly replacing the open-hearth method of ...