Linear mixed models (LMMs) are a powerful and established tool for studying genotype–phenotype relationships. A limitation of the LMM is that the model assumes Gaussian distributed residuals, a ...

Linear mixed models (LMMs) serve as a versatile statistical framework, combining fixed effects that capture the overall trends with random effects that account for variability across subjects, ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract Scientists may wish to analyze correlated outcome data with constraints among the responses. For example, piecewise linear regression in a ...

Mixed linear models are used to analyze data in many settings. These models have a multivariate normal formulation in most cases. The maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) or the residual MLE (REML) is ...